Korean Banks Face Rising Corporate Loan Delinquencies as Business Lending Grows

A notice related to corporate finance loan counseling at a commercial bank in Seoul. [Photo by Yonhap]

Government and financial regulators have been urging banks to expand funding for innovative companies under the banner of “productive finance,” but banks are facing a growing dilemma. As tighter rules on household lending pushed banks to increase corporate loans, delinquency rates have also climbed sharply. With business lending rising quickly, the jump in delinquencies is adding to banks’ risk-management burden.

According to the Financial Supervisory Service on April 19, the delinquency rate on corporate loans at domestic banks stood at 0.76% at the end of February, up 0.09 percentage point from the previous month. It was the highest level in nine months since May last year (0.64%). The rate was also higher than the household-loan delinquency rate of 0.45%, underscoring growing asset-quality pressure in the corporate sector.

By company size, the delinquency rate on loans to small and midsize enterprises rose to 0.92%, up 0.10 percentage point from a month earlier, the highest since May last year (0.95%). Conditions worsened further for smaller corporate borrowers: the delinquency rate on loans to SME corporations climbed to 1.02%, up 0.13 percentage point, returning above 1% for the first time in nine months since May last year.

Delinquencies on loans to large companies also increased, reaching 0.19% at the end of February, the highest level in 28 months since October 2023. The rise is being attributed to a weakening domestic economy and greater external uncertainty that are increasing repayment strain across businesses. The data predate any impact from the U.S.-Iran war, suggesting the figure could worsen.

Corporate loans carry higher risk weights than household loans, which can significantly increase risk-weighted assets and put downward pressure on banks’ common equity Tier 1 capital ratios. If nonperforming loans rise and banks set aside more loan-loss provisions, profitability and capital buffers can be eroded. That can put the government’s push to expand corporate lending at odds with banks’ efforts to control risk.

With the government reinforcing its “productive finance” drive, banks say they have limited room to manage loan growth on their own. Authorities are pressing for stronger corporate support and balanced regional development, making expansion of business lending difficult to avoid. In recent months, commercial banks have moved competitively into the sector, including by awarding extra points in key performance indicators for new “productive finance” lending.

Industry officials have warned that expanding lending without tighter asset-quality controls could increase bad loans.

“A rapid rise in corporate lending, combined with an upswing in delinquencies, is quickly increasing the burden of soundness management,” a financial industry official said. “Aggressively expanded corporate loans could lead less to positive effects such as support for the real economy and more to higher delinquency rates and growing potential bad debt.”

* This article has been translated by AI.

Kim yoon seop