International Oil Prices Rise Amid Iran Conflict Stalemate International oil prices opened higher this week as tensions surrounding the Iran conflict and the Strait of Hormuz continue. According to MarketWatch, as of 8:38 a.m. Korean time on May 18, West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil futures for June rose nearly 1.75%, surpassing $107 per barrel. At the same time, July Brent crude futures also increased by 1.14%, exceeding $110. This rise follows the conclusion of President Donald Trump's visit to China over the weekend, which ended without significant breakthroughs, and the ongoing stalemate in negotiations to end the war with Iran. Previously, on May 15, WTI futures had crossed the $105 mark, while July Brent futures closed the week up 8%, finishing above $109 per barrel. Amid the persistent Middle East crisis, U.S. stock index futures are showing a downward trend. Currently, Dow Jones Industrial Average futures are down 112 points (0.23%) at 49,505.00, S&P 500 futures are down 10.25 points (0.14%) at 7,422.00, and Nasdaq 100 futures are down 37.75 points (0.13%) at 29,194.00. As a fragile ceasefire between the U.S. and Iran holds, tensions surrounding the Strait of Hormuz persist. The Associated Press reported that Israel is coordinating with the U.S. regarding the potential resumption of airstrikes against Iran. On the same day, President Trump used social media platform Truth Social to pressure Iran to agree to a peace deal. He stated, "Iran doesn't have much time," warning that they should act quickly or risk losing everything. Additionally, reports of a fire near the Barakah nuclear power plant in the United Arab Emirates, suspected to be caused by a drone attack linked to Iran, have heightened market anxiety. The UAE authorities confirmed that there was no impact on the reactor and that the plant is operating normally. The Barakah plant is also notable as the first commercial nuclear power plant in the Middle East, built by Korea Electric Power Corporation. MarketWatch highlighted that the ongoing conflict is driving up global oil and gas prices, raising inflation concerns. According to the American Automobile Association (AAA), the average price of gasoline in the U.S. is currently $4.51 per gallon. The consumer price index (CPI) for April also rose to 3.8%, marking the highest increase since May 2023. Meanwhile, investors are closely watching the upcoming earnings reports from major U.S. retailers such as Walmart, Target, Home Depot, and Lowe's this week. The impact of high fuel prices and inflation on consumer sentiment could be reflected in these results. Walmart executives previously warned that retail sales could be affected if gasoline prices reach between $4.50 and $5 per gallon. Additionally, investors are keeping an eye on Nvidia's quarterly earnings report scheduled for May 20. As the rally in artificial intelligence (AI) stocks continues, Nvidia's performance is seen as a key indicator for investor sentiment in the tech sector. 2026-05-18 08:56:10

Shinhan Bank's Leadership Transition: From Trust Restoration to Future Finance Jung Sang-hyuk's leadership at Shinhan Bank began in a time of crisis. The financial sector was grappling with structural issues, including failures in internal controls and a loss of consumer trust. From the outset of his tenure, he prioritized 'trust restoration' as a key objective. However, labeling his leadership as merely stabilizing would be inaccurate. Jung is also pursuing aggressive goals such as productive finance, digital transformation, and exploring new customer markets.The challenge lies in the conflict among these four objectives. Strengthening trust can slow growth, while pursuing growth can increase risks. The essence of Jung's leadership is not merely managing this contradiction but integrating it. He stands at a transitional phase, moving from 'managed finance' to 'judgment-based finance' based on stability. If successful, Shinhan Bank could redefine its role beyond being the top bank to setting new standards in finance. Ultimately, Jung's experiment raises a fundamental question: Can finance achieve both trust and growth simultaneously? Rebuilding trust in finance requires redesign, not just managementThe starting point of Jung's leadership is clear. He redefined finance not merely as a profit-driven industry but as a 'trust industry.' This definition has moved beyond mere declaration. By placing internal controls and consumer protection at the core of organizational operations, he has begun to structurally change how finance operates. Notably, his inclusive finance policy exemplifies how his philosophy translates into action. The structure that converts part of interest payments into principal repayments is not just a simple interest adjustment; it represents a new way for finance to engage in debt structure improvement. While past banks focused on expanding loans, Jung's regime is shifting towards changing the 'quality' of loans. This choice inevitably compromises short-term profitability. However, in the long run, it builds customer trust. Crucially, he does not view trust as a mere management target. Instead, he has redesigned the very structure that creates trust. This approach is not typical management but a judgment-based approach. Jung sees financial incidents not as isolated events but as systemic issues, addressing them by simultaneously refining both the organization and policies. This attempt to convert trust into structure is one of the most significant characteristics of financial entrepreneurship. Ultimately, his leadership focuses on creating a system where trust operates rather than merely preserving trust. Productive finance shifts capital flow towards the futureJung views the essence of finance as capital allocation. He believes banks are not just institutions that supply funds but active agents that determine the direction of capital. This understanding materializes in his productive finance strategy. He aims to redirect capital from real estate and collateral-centric structures to businesses, innovative industries, and future growth areas. This is not a passive response to policy but an active attempt to redefine the role of finance. He seeks to transform banks from following industries to leading them. In this process, Jung is also preparing for new customer markets. Senior finance, foreign finance, and digital assets are strategies that aim to change the customer structure itself, rather than merely expanding the market. This approach goes beyond the traditional financial model, which was designed primarily for middle-class individual customers. He is currently prioritizing the design of future customer bases over immediate profits, aiming to establish a long-term growth structure. This approach clearly distinguishes itself from short-term performance-driven financial leadership. Jung is contemplating where capital should flow rather than focusing solely on immediate profits, indicating a shift towards 'judgment-based finance.' Digital transformation redefines the intersection of financeIn Jung's leadership, digital transformation is not optional but essential. However, his approach differs somewhat from that of traditional banks. He does not merely aim to improve mobile apps or increase IT investments. Instead, he seeks to redesign the very points of interaction between customers and finance. This involves shifting finance from being account-centered to platform-centered. Finance is no longer operated around branches and products but is being restructured around data, services, and customer experiences. Jung recognizes this change and is simultaneously pursuing a super app strategy and expanding data-driven services. He aims to create a structure where finance integrates into daily life. This signifies a transition from transaction-based finance to lifestyle-oriented finance. However, this process is not easy. Internet banks and big tech companies are already ahead in platform competition, while traditional financial institutions still face structural limitations. Jung has not yet secured a complete advantage in this competitive environment. Nevertheless, the crucial point is the direction. He accurately recognizes where the future of finance is headed and adjusts his organization and strategy accordingly. Ultimately, the success of digital transformation depends on speed and execution, and Jung's leadership has now entered the execution phase. Balancing act in the competition for leading bank statusJung has also achieved results in terms of performance. The reclaiming of the leading bank status is not just a number; it reflects that the strategy is indeed working. However, the competition is not over; it is still in its early stages. The gap with KB Kookmin Bank is not significant, and the financial environment is changing rapidly. In particular, the simultaneous effects of interest rate conditions, regulations, and digital competition are continuously pressuring banks' profit structures. Additionally, internal control risks further complicate the management environment. In this context, the core of Jung's leadership is 'balance.' Strengthening trust can slow growth, while pursuing growth can increase risks. Digital transformation is essential but comes with significant costs and is difficult to link to short-term performance. Managing these three elements simultaneously is one of the most challenging tasks in financial leadership. Jung is currently making judgments on this balance. He has chosen a strategy that does not abandon any one element but seeks to advance all three simultaneously. This may be a risky choice, but it is also the most realistic one. Ultimately, his leadership can be seen as an attempt to integrate conflicting elements into a single structure rather than merely balancing 'stability' and 'growth.' SWOT Analysis:Jung's leadership is defined as 'trust-based balanced financial entrepreneurship.'Strengths include a sense of balance in restoring trust through consumer protection and inclusive finance while simultaneously pursuing productive finance and digital strategies. Notably, the proactive targeting of future customer segments such as seniors, foreigners, and digital assets strengthens the foundation for mid- to long-term growth. Additionally, the experience of reclaiming the leading bank status demonstrates the organization's execution capability and strategic realization. Weaknesses include internal control risks and constraints on growth speed. Trust-centered strategies inevitably conflict with short-term profitability, and financial incidents remain a structural risk factor. Digital competitiveness has not yet achieved complete superiority over big tech. Opportunities arise from structural changes in the financial industry. Expanding productive finance, platform finance, and data-driven services provide Shinhan Bank with opportunities to extend beyond traditional banking models. Particularly, proactive responses to changes in customer structure could secure market leadership. Threats include competition from big tech, internet banks, regulatory tightening, and risks to trust. In finance, once trust is broken, recovery takes a long time. A single incident can undermine long-term competitiveness.* This article has been translated by AI. 2026-05-18 08:54:00

Ukraine Launches Large-Scale Drone Attack on Russia, Casualties Reported Near Moscow Ukraine has launched a large-scale drone attack targeting Russian territory, a response following airstrikes by Russia on Kyiv that resulted in the deaths of 24 civilians. The conflict has escalated as both sides engage in long-range strikes, reaching areas near Moscow. According to reports from Reuters and the Associated Press, Ukraine began its drone assaults on various regions, including Moscow and Belgorod, late on the night of May 17. Russian authorities reported that at least four people were killed in the attacks, including three near Moscow and one in Belgorod. More than 12 others were reported injured according to Russian sources. The Russian Defense Ministry claimed to have intercepted 556 drones nationwide. Additionally, separate reports indicated that over 1,000 Ukrainian drones were shot down within a 24-hour period. Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin stated that 81 drones were aimed specifically at Moscow. Damage was reported in the Moscow area, with some drones landing near residential areas and infrastructure. Debris was also found near Sheremetyevo Airport, causing delays and cancellations of some flights. Damage was reported near Moscow's oil facilities, with injuries occurring as a result. Ukraine emphasized that the attacks were a justified response to Russian airstrikes. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky stated, "Ukraine's response is legitimate as Russia continues its war and attacks on cities." Zelensky had previously warned of a strong response following the deadly airstrikes on Kyiv that killed 24 people the previous week. This attack demonstrates Ukraine's long-range strike capabilities, reaching areas near Moscow. Ukraine has recently increased its attacks on Russian oil and military facilities, aiming to pressure Russia's energy and military infrastructure and raise the costs of the ongoing war. On the same day, Russia continued its drone attacks on Ukraine. The AP reported that Russian strikes on central Ukraine's Dnipropetrovsk region resulted in injuries to eight civilians. 2026-05-18 08:51:00

Meritz Securities Maintains Target Price of 7,500 Won for CJ CGV Amid Film Industry Recovery Meritz Securities on May 18 maintained its target price of 7,500 won and a "buy" rating for CJ CGV, citing the potential recovery of the South Korean film industry. In a report, analyst Jeong Ji-soo noted that the government's distribution of 4.5 million movie tickets, combined with an increase in film productions, positions the Korean film industry on the brink of recovering to pre-COVID-19 levels. Jeong pointed out that while audience attendance has shifted towards general screenings, leading to a decrease in average ticket prices and an increase in rental costs, the company still recorded an operating loss of 6.6 billion won. However, he highlighted that achieving profitability on a monthly basis in March is a positive sign. For the first quarter of this year, CJ CGV reported consolidated revenue of 573.4 billion won, a 7.5% increase from the same period last year, with operating profit rising 172.4% to 8.7 billion won. Nevertheless, these figures fell short of market expectations. Jeong stated that the combined revenue of its subsidiaries decreased by 1.8% year-on-year to 398 billion won, while operating profit dropped by 28% to 24.6 billion won. He explained that although all business divisions, including Turkey, 4D PLEX, and ONS, experienced steady growth, the revenue decline to 66.2 billion won—down 37% year-on-year—was largely due to the base effect from the blockbuster film "The Roundup 2," which had ranked fourth in the Chinese box office last year. Looking ahead, Jeong projected that consolidated revenue and operating profit for 2026 would increase by 4.1% year-on-year to 2.3692 trillion won and 100.1 billion won, respectively. He noted that 4D PLEX is expected to resume growth in the second half of the year as it becomes capable of shipping major global contracts. With anticipated domestic releases such as "The Roundup" and "HOPE" set to debut sequentially, and the allocation of a 450 million won budget for government movie ticket subsidies available from July to September, an increase in audience numbers is expected. Jeong added that alongside revenue growth, ongoing structural reforms for domestic and international sites are likely to improve profitability.* This article has been translated by AI. 2026-05-18 08:46:38

South Korea Aims to Boost Regional Tourism with Global Tourism Zones and Festivals To address the disproportionate concentration of foreign tourists in Seoul, where over 80% of visitors stay, the South Korean government is focusing on revitalizing regional tourism. The plan involves designating local hubs outside the Seoul metropolitan area and Jeju as "global tourism zones" to enhance their capacity for foreign visitors. Additionally, the government aims to promote ten major "global festivals" to attract tourists to these regions. On May 18, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism announced the launch of a two-track strategy to boost regional tourism. This initiative goes beyond one-time budget support and aligns with recent efforts to amend the Tourism Promotion Act. The goal is to innovate both the infrastructure (tourism zones) and the offerings (festivals) to provide a breakthrough for struggling local economies. Seeking True 'Local' Global Tourism Zones The ministry will accept applications from local governments for the "Global Tourism Zone Development Project" until July 6. Notably, the application process excludes the Seoul metropolitan area, including Incheon and Gyeonggi Province, as well as Jeju, which has its own tourism funding system. The clear objective is to cultivate neglected regional tourism hubs into world-class destinations. Applications will be divided into two categories based on characteristics. The "Future Convergence Type" targets regions that attracted over 200,000 foreign tourists in the past year and incorporate smart technology, while the "Local Self-Sustaining Type" is for areas with over 100,000 visitors that possess unique historical and scenic resources. Two selected regions will receive 3 billion won (approximately $2.3 million) in national funding over two years. Local governments will use these funds to enhance multilingual services, improve payment convenience at key tourist sites, and develop tailored products for foreign visitors. Targeting 30 Million Visitors with Global Festivals Festivals will be the key content to fill these regional tourism zones. The ministry, in collaboration with the Korea Tourism Organization, will launch a joint planning team to strengthen the competitiveness of ten global festivals and initiate precision marketing strategies. Specific marketing approaches have been developed for different target markets. For instance, the Incheon Pentaport Rock Festival will implement the "eplus" ticketing system to lower barriers for Japanese tourists, who have a strong preference for rock music. The Boryeong Mud Festival plans to enhance autonomy and introduce nighttime mud experiences to significantly increase visitor stay duration. Business-to-business (B2B) sales linking festivals and local attractions will also be strengthened. The Jinju Namgang Lantern Festival will collaborate with major overseas travel agencies such as Japan's HIS, Taiwan's Cola Tour, and Hong Kong's Easyel Tour to promote combined packages that include daytime visits to Jinju Castle and nighttime lantern viewing. The Jeongnamjin Jangheung Water Festival will offer unique stay packages contrasting daytime water fights with evening relaxation at zip houses to attract foreign tourists. This initiative to develop tourism zones and support global festivals is an attempt to overcome the structural limitations of regional tourism that have been highlighted in the past. The ministry's two-track strategy is expected to serve as a practical catalyst to alleviate the persistent issue of foreign tourists flocking to Seoul. The final selection of two global tourism zones is planned for July, following written and presentation evaluations.* This article has been translated by AI. 2026-05-18 08:45:28

Korea Investment & Securities Raises PSK Target Price by 21% Amid Strong Growth Korea Investment & Securities announced on May 18 that PSK is expected to experience strong performance growth momentum this year and in the medium to long term, as both top-line and bottom-line figures continue to grow. The firm raised its target price for PSK to 160,000 won, an increase of 21%, while maintaining a "buy" rating. Kim Yeon-jun, a researcher at Korea Investment & Securities, stated, "This year, we can expect benefits from the capital expenditures of Samsung Electronics, SK Hynix, and Micron, as well as the resumption of investments by China's CXMT." He added, "This trend is likely to lead to new fab investments, further strengthening PSK's performance growth momentum." Additionally, he noted, "As demand for AI inference spreads into the CPU market, Intel, which has been conservative with its capital expenditures, may increase its CapEx. Intel has signed a consulting contract with Tesla, which is pursuing a terafab, suggesting a strong connection between Intel's value chain and Tesla's terafab value chain." Kim also analyzed that, given PSK's long-standing partnership with Intel, the company is likely to seek additional opportunities through Intel. According to Korea Investment & Securities, PSK's revenue for the first quarter of this year was 156.6 billion won, with an operating profit of 47.2 billion won, exceeding consensus estimates by 19.8% and 46.5%, respectively. The operating profit margin reached 30.1%, an increase of 7.9 percentage points year-on-year and 14.8 percentage points quarter-on-quarter. Kim explained, "With steady orders from domestic and overseas clients, the top line has grown, and the proportion of high ASP clients in the U.S. and China has improved the operating profit margin. The share of overseas clients is expected to remain similar to that of the first quarter throughout the year, indicating that operating profit margins will continue to improve annually." He also stated, "This year, top-line growth is expected to exceed the average growth rate of 30% for the World Federation of Exchanges, along with improvements in profitability due to the increased share of overseas clients."* This article has been translated by AI. 2026-05-18 08:42:00

Bitcoin Fluctuates Around $77,000 Amid U.S. Inflation Concerns Bitcoin is showing weakness, trading around $77,000 as concerns over inflation in the U.S. rise following a sharp increase in the Producer Price Index (PPI). This surge in inflation has led to a spike in U.S. government bond rates, dampening investor sentiment towards riskier assets. According to CoinMarketCap, Bitcoin was trading at $77,937, down 0.28% from the previous day as of 8 a.m. on May 18. Major altcoins also experienced declines. At the same time, Ripple (XRP) fell 0.23% to $1.41, Ethereum decreased by 0.07% to $2,178.03, and Solana (SOL) dropped 0.41% to $86.15. Market analysts attribute the downturn to rising U.S. government bond rates and inflation concerns. The U.S. PPI for April saw a seasonally adjusted increase of 1.4% compared to the previous month, marking the largest rise since March 2022, nearly four years ago. As inflation fears grow, U.S. government bond rates have surged. As of May 15, the yield on the 10-year Treasury note rose by 0.138 percentage points to 4.597%. The yield on the 30-year Treasury bond also increased by 0.11 percentage points to 5.12%. This is the first time the 30-year bond yield has exceeded 5% since just before the global financial crisis in 2007. Typically, rising U.S. government bond rates lead to a stronger preference for safe-haven assets, which can negatively impact riskier assets like Bitcoin. Meanwhile, on the domestic exchange Bithumb, Bitcoin was trading at approximately 116.17 million won ($77,552), down 0.14% from the previous day. The so-called 'Kimchi Premium,' which reflects the difference between domestic and international prices, was recorded at -0.509%, indicating that domestic prices are lower than overseas prices.* This article has been translated by AI. 2026-05-18 08:31:14

GIST Develops VR Technology to Reduce Motion Sickness in Vehicles Researchers in South Korea have developed a virtual reality (VR) technology that converts physical sensations experienced during vehicle acceleration and turns into visual effects, aiming to reduce motion sickness and enhance immersion. On May 18, the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) announced that a research team led by Professor Kim Seung-jun from the AI Convergence Department has created 'Force Mapping' technology, which transforms the actual movements of vehicles into visual and spatial changes in a VR environment. The findings were presented at the prestigious ACM CHI 2026 conference in April, focusing on human-computer interaction. Force Mapping utilizes an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) device and GPS module to detect real-time vehicle movements, including acceleration, deceleration, rotation, and road vibrations. These movements are then represented in the VR environment through effects such as falling objects, spatial shaking, waves, and ripples. Previous VR research for vehicles primarily focused on aligning the vehicle's travel path with virtual scenes to mitigate motion sickness. However, this approach failed to bridge the gap between the physical sensations of acceleration and rotation felt by the body and the virtual space displayed on the screen, resulting in a passive content experience. The research team conducted comparative experiments between the traditional method of simply reflecting vehicle movements on the screen and the Force Mapping approach. The results showed that the Force Mapping condition significantly improved immersion and situational awareness while statistically reducing motion sickness. Notably, emphasizing directionality and intensity rather than merely replicating physical forces led to a greater sense of alignment with bodily sensations. The effects of ground tilt and spatial shaking were particularly pronounced in enhancing immersion during acceleration and deceleration scenarios. This research highlights the potential for VR technology in vehicles to go beyond merely alleviating motion sickness, suggesting that it could transform travel time into an opportunity for gaming, entertainment, education, and remote collaboration through various extended reality (XR) content experiences. As the era of autonomous driving becomes more tangible, the commercial value of this technology is expected to grow significantly. Professor Kim Seung-jun stated, "We plan to further develop sophisticated and diverse environmental feedback technologies to expand vehicle movement itself into an immersive interface, considering future autonomous driving environments."* This article has been translated by AI. 2026-05-18 08:28:23

Hanwha Investment Upgrades Kolon Target Price Amid Chinese Consumer Recovery Hanwha Investment & Securities maintained its "buy" rating for Kolon and raised its target price to 100,000 won, citing a significant improvement in Kolon Sports China's performance due to the recovery of Chinese consumer spending. Lee Jin-hyup, an analyst at Hanwha Investment & Securities, reported that Kolon's consolidated revenue for the first quarter reached 1.5188 trillion won, a 5% increase compared to the same period last year, while operating profit surged by 149% to 98.8 billion won. He attributed this strong performance to improved profitability in both Kolon Global's construction sector and Kolon Mobility Group's retail sector. On a standalone basis, revenue and operating profit were 34.1 billion won and 25.6 billion won, respectively, reflecting decreases of 15% and 20% year-on-year. However, the performance of consolidated subsidiaries showed significant improvement. Kolon Global's operating profit increased by 100% to 21.7 billion won, while Kolon Mobility Group's profit rose by 71% to 20.9 billion won. Notably, Kolon Sports China exhibited remarkable growth, with first-quarter revenue of 362.8 billion won and net profit of 99.9 billion won, marking increases of 66% and 101% year-on-year, respectively. The net profit margin rose by 5 percentage points to 28%. Lee noted, "With a solid brand presence in China and the recent recovery of the Chinese consumer market, Kolon Sports China continues to experience high growth, exceeding our previous forecasts." As a result, Hanwha Investment & Securities has also revised its annual performance outlook for Kolon Sports China, projecting revenue of 1.4724 trillion won and net profit of 335.2 billion won for the year, representing increases of 61% and 98% compared to last year. These estimates are 9% and 11% higher than previous projections. Lee added, "The current market capitalization of approximately 800 billion won is significantly undervalued. Even when excluding the value of Tissue Jin, there is ample room for further growth based on a conservative NAV calculation that discounts Kolon Sports China's value by 50%."* This article has been translated by AI. 2026-05-18 08:27:19

Study Links Urban Green Spaces to Gentrification in Africa A study has found that climate adaptation policies, such as the creation of parks and wetland restoration, can lead to rising property values and an influx of residents, potentially displacing low-income native populations—a phenomenon referred to as the "gentrification paradox." KAIST announced on May 18 that a research team led by Professor Kim Seung-kyum from the Department of AI Future Studies, in collaboration with researchers from Peking University and New York University Shanghai, has empirically identified this paradox by analyzing urban areas across 32 African countries. The team tracked changes in 5,503 administrative units across 221 urban areas from 2005 to 2024. They found that the overall gentrification index in areas with climate adaptation facilities rose by an average of 41% compared to areas without such developments. The findings were published in the international journal Nature Cities on April 13. Gentrification refers to the phenomenon where environmental improvements inadvertently lead to the displacement of native residents. As urban redevelopment and facility investments increase local property values, economically vulnerable groups may find it difficult to afford rising housing costs, leading them to leave their communities. The research team employed satellite imagery analysis combined with socioeconomic data and applied a difference-in-differences method to verify the causal effects of climate adaptation policies. This is the first study to empirically demonstrate the causal relationship between climate adaptation and gentrification on a continental scale in Africa. The analysis revealed that housing prices in areas with climate adaptation facilities increased by approximately 13%, and there was a significant rise in the influx of external populations. This indicates that facilities created for citizen protection may paradoxically exacerbate housing insecurity for economically vulnerable groups. The research team emphasized that climate adaptation policies should not merely focus on infrastructure development but also address the distribution of benefits and burdens. They recommend implementing measures for housing stability, including land ownership protection, public housing supply, and the recovery of development profits, alongside the expansion of green and blue spaces. Professor Kim Seung-kyum stated, "While climate adaptation policies can make cities safer, they can also lead to rising housing costs and population displacement, increasing housing insecurity for existing residents. Future climate policies must consider not only environmental improvements but also the protection of vulnerable groups and housing stability." This research was conducted as part of a project supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT, focusing on the development of an AI-based integrated assessment model for climate-human interactions.* This article has been translated by AI. 2026-05-18 08:22:24