New nuclear reactor in Ulsan gets green light for operation SEOUL, December 30 (AJP) - The government committee for nuclear energy on Tuesday gave a green light to the operation of a nuclear reactor in Ulsan, ahead of its commercial launch scheduled for sometime next year. The committee said it approved the operation of the Saeul-3 reactor, formally known as Kori, in Ulju, Ulsan, after a meeting in which five of six members voted in favor, following safety reviews by the state-funded Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety as well as prior assessments by other experts. The approval comes about nine years after construction began in 2016 and is the first for a new nuclear reactor since the Shinhanul-2 reactor in nearby Uljin, North Gyeongsang Province two years ago. The committee's chairman, Choi Won-ho, said, "We thoroughly checked safety in accordance on scientific and technological grounds," also vowing to conduct strict inspections during the reactor's test run. 2025-12-30 15:06:52

Korea's foreign money deposits rise on weak won, BOK revises M2 definition SEOUL, December 30 (AJP) -South Korea’s resident foreign-currency deposits rose in November as companies held on to dollar and euro assets amid expectations that the won’s weakness would persist, highlighting deeper structural pressures in the currency market even as authorities revise how monetary liquidity is measured. According to the Bank of Korea, foreign-currency deposits held at domestic banks totaled $103.55 billion at the end of November, up $1.71 billion from a month earlier. Dollar-denominated deposits rose $1.96 billion, while euro deposits increased $390 million. Yen deposits fell $500 million amid weakness in the Japanese currency. The dollar strengthened to 1,470.8 late November, approaching last year's year-end high of 1,472.5 won last year amid martial-law shock. It hovered around 1,480 won throughout December before retreating to 1,440 won range from last week on dollar-selling hedging accompanied by strong verbal connection to bring down the year's closing exchange rate. The central bank said the rise in dollar holdings reflected corporate trade settlements, inflows from foreign-currency bond issuance, and temporary placements of funds set aside for external debt repayment. Euro deposits also rose on trade-related inflows. Market participants said the buildup of dollar and euro deposits points to expectations of prolonged weakness in the Korean won, rather than short-term hedging behavior. The currency’s trajectory in 2025 underscores a broader structural shift. The won traded near 1,350 per dollar in June, before weakening steadily into the 1,470 range in October and November, touching 1,472 on Dec. 9. Toward year-end, a combination of verbal intervention by authorities and hedging-related flows helped pull the exchange rate back toward the 1,440 level. The dollar closed the year at 1,445.75 won, but on an annual basis, it is projected to have averaged around 1,420 won for 2025. The previous average high of the pair was 1,394.9 won in 1998, during the Asian financial crisis and the IMF bailout period. The renewed focus on foreign-currency holdings comes as debate intensifies over whether Korea’s liquidity conditions have contributed to the won’s structural weakness. The Bank of Korea separately on Tuesday unveiled a comprehensive revision of its monetary and liquidity statistics, aimed at better reflecting financial-market realities and aligning with international standards. Under the revised framework, the central bank narrowed the definition of broad money (M2) by excluding investment fund units with high price volatility, while newly including certain short-term instruments such as issuance notes and CMA products issued by large investment banks. The revision also reorganizes institutional classifications and improves data coverage to better capture actual liquidity conditions. As a result of the methodological change, October 2025 M2 under the new standard stood at 4,056.8 trillion won, down 409.5 trillion won, or 9.2 percent, from the previous definition. The BOK said the decline reflects classification changes rather than an abrupt contraction in liquidity. Under the revised methodology, M2 growth in October stood at 5.2 percent year on year, below its long-term average, suggesting that headline money growth in recent years may have overstated underlying monetary expansion. The central bank said the new framework better distinguishes between transactional money and investment-type assets, improving the analytical usefulness of monetary indicators. Amid growing debate over whether rapid M2 growth is fueling asset inflation and foreign-exchange volatility, the central bank last month said it would revise its monetary statistics. 2025-12-30 14:30:07

Over 25,000 ethnic Koreans regain legal status after overstaying visas SEOUL, December 30 (AJP) - More than 25,000 ethnic Koreans who had overstayed their visas here have regained their legal status, the Justice Ministry said on Tuesday. According to the ministry, about 2,522 ethnic Koreans applied for a three-month program implemented between September and November as part of immigration policies to recover their legal status. Of those applicants, 1,544 were granted legal status after undergoing strict screening conducted by legal experts and human rights activists to ensure fairness and transparency in the process. Through the screening process, applicants were assessed for health risks such as infectious diseases and drug use, financial obligations including unpaid taxes and fines, and legal compliance, including criminal records and other offenses. Justice Minister Jeong Seong-ho said, "The special program will help them integrate into South Korean society," adding that the ministry will continue to pursue immigration policies that promote national development and social integration. 2025-12-30 14:23:30

South Korea's foreign arrivals seen topping 21 million in 2026 on China-Japan tensions SEOUL, December 30 (AJP) - South Korea could see the number of foreign visitors rise to more than 21 million in 2026, driven by a continued recovery in inbound travel and potential spillover demand from escalating tensions between China and Japan, industry researchers said. Yanolja Research, a data-driven tourism research institute, projected that foreign arrivals to South Korea would reach a baseline of 20.36 million next year, up 8.7 percent from an estimated 18.5 million in 2025. The figure could climb to around 21 million if Chinese tourists divert travel away from Japan, it said. The forecast is based on a deep-learning demand model that incorporates seasonality, exchange rates, macroeconomic indicators and geopolitical factors, according to the institute. By country, China is expected to remain the largest source market with an estimated 6.15 million visitors, followed by Japan at 3.84 million and the United States at 1.66 million. Chinese arrivals are projected to exceed pre-pandemic levels for the first time, supported by the recovery of air routes, expanded cruise travel and eased policy barriers. Recent data already point to a strong rebound in inbound tourism. According to the Korea Tourism Organization (KTO), 1.6 million foreign visitors entered South Korea in November, up 17.3 percent from a year earlier and surpassing 2019 levels for the same month. China and Japan accounted for the largest share of November arrivals, with both markets showing solid recovery trends, while visitors from Taiwan, the United States and the Philippines also exceeded pre-pandemic levels. Cumulative arrivals from January to November reached 17.4 million, up 15.4 percent from the same period last year. Yanolja Research noted that a slowdown in Chinese travel to Japan following diplomatic frictions between Beijing and Tokyo could further boost South Korea's inbound demand. During diplomatic tensions triggered by the deployment of the U.S. THAAD missile defense system in 2017, around 10 to 13 percent of Chinese outbound travel shifted to alternative destinations, including Japan, the institute said, adding that a reverse effect could now benefit South Korea. If substitution demand materializes, Chinese arrivals could rise to more than 7 million, pushing total inbound travel to between 20.7 million and 21.2 million next year, it said. Despite the upbeat outlook for inbound tourism, outbound travel by South Koreans is also expected to continue rising, keeping the country's tourism balance in deficit. Yanolja Research forecasts outbound trips at 30.23 million in 2026, widening the gap between outbound and inbound travel to around 10 million. Recent outbound travel figures point to sustained pressure on the tourism balance. Overseas trips by South Koreans totaled 2.47 million in November, up 3.2 percent on-year, while cumulative outbound travel in the first 11 months of the year reached 26.8 million, slightly above pre-pandemic levels, according to the KTO. 2025-12-30 14:11:45

US softens export curbs on chip equipment for Samsung, SK hynix plants in China SEOUL, December 30 (AJP) - The United States has decided to partially ease planned restrictions on shipments of semiconductor manufacturing equipment to Samsung Electronics and SK hynix plants in China, helping the South Korean chipmakers avoid immediate and significant operational disruptions, industry officials said on Tuesday. Washington had been preparing to revoke the companies’ broad export authorization status and require case-by-case approvals for each shipment of U.S.-made equipment. Instead, it has shifted to a system under which equipment exports will be approved on an annual basis, the officials said. Under the revised approach, the Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) will cancel the Verified End User (VEU) status previously granted to the companies’ China-based plants but will allow exports through once-a-year approvals covering specified volumes of equipment. VEU status allows recipients to import U.S.-origin equipment without individual licences if they meet certain security requirements. Samsung’s NAND flash memory plant in Xian and SK hynix’s DRAM plant in Wuxi and NAND flash facility in Dalian had been designated as VEUs, enabling relatively unrestricted imports of U.S. equipment. In late August, however, BIS said it would remove three China-based subsidiaries operating those plants from the VEU list. That decision was due to take effect on Dec. 31 following a 120-day grace period after publication in the Federal Register on Sept. 2. Under the original plan, the plants would have been required to seek separate U.S. approval for each shipment of U.S.-made equipment from year-end, raising concerns about delays and potential disruptions to production. As the grace period neared its end, the U.S. government opted to soften its stance by introducing an annual approval system. Under the framework, companies will submit advance applications detailing the types and quantities of equipment and parts they plan to import, with U.S. authorities reviewing and deciding whether to grant approval. Industry officials said the process is more burdensome than maintaining VEU status but significantly less risky than applying for licences on a shipment-by-shipment basis. U.S. authorities had estimated that without VEU status, Samsung and SK hynix could be required to file roughly 1,000 licence applications a year. Still, officials cautioned that uncertainty remains, as it can be difficult to accurately forecast annual equipment demand, and the outcome of the approval process could still affect operations at the China-based plants. 2025-12-30 13:48:10

TRAVEL: Snowflower hiking to welcome the new year SEOUL, December 30 (AJP) - Only a few days remain in 2025. Leaving behind a year of lingering regrets, many people share the desire to welcome the new year with hope. Some travel abroad, while many climb mountains to steady their minds. Snowflower hiking is physically demanding, but it provides an opportunity to face beautiful snowy landscapes and strengthen one's resolve. Snowflowers are formed when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes onto trees, a gift of nature typically found on high mountains over 1,000 meters above sea level in midwinter. Here are some mountains popular for snowflower hiking ahead of the new year. Seoraksan spans Sokcho, Inje, and Yangyang in Gangwon-do. In winter, it presents a spectacle of snowflowers and rime ice along its ridges and rock formations. It is considered one of South Korea's representative winter hiking destinations. Deogyusan spans Muju in Jeonbuk and Geochang and Hamyang in Gyeongnam. Visitors can easily access the area near Hyangjeokbong Peak via gondola. The snowflower tunnels and ridge landscapes make it popular for family hikers.. Gyebangsan is located on the border of Hongcheon and Pyeongchang in Gangwon-do, characterized by gentle slopes and deep forests. Thick snowflowers allow for a quiet winter hike in a calm atmosphere. Seonjaryeong is a ridge-type mountain area between Pyeongchang and Gangneung in Gangwon-do, where open meadows and snowfields continue. The snowflower scenery shaped by the wind creates an exotic atmosphere. Taebaeksan spans Taebaek in Gangwon-do and Bonghwa in Gyeongbuk. It is known for its excellent snowflowers and rime ice, and because the slopes are gentle, even beginners can climb it easily. It is called a "mecca for winter hiking" and is famous for New Year's Day sunrise treks. Untangodo is a highland trekking path connecting Jeongseon, Yeongwol, and Taebaek in Gangwon-do, created using former coal transport roads. It is gaining popularity as a snowflower trekking course due to the low physical burden. Taegisan is located in Hoengseong, Gangwon-do. Wind turbines lined up along the ridge combine with snowflowers to create a unique winter landscape. Many relatively gentle courses make it a good challenge for beginners. Snowflower hiking is the most beautiful gift winter offers. With thorough preparation for the cold and adherence to safety rules, it can be a meaningful hike to open the new year. 2025-12-30 13:45:48

Seoul, Beijing agree to speed up services and investment talks under FTA SEOUL, December 30 (AJP) -South Korea and China have agreed to speed up second-stage negotiations under their bilateral free trade agreement, focusing on services and investment, as the two sides seek to broaden economic cooperation. Yeo Han-koo, South Korea’s minister for trade, met Li Chenggang, China’s international trade negotiation representative, in Beijing to discuss ways to accelerate follow-up negotiations under the Korea-China FTA. The two sides agreed to hold regular in-person meetings starting next year, with participation from all relevant government agencies, to push talks forward and resolve remaining issues. They also agreed to convene another trade ministers’ meeting in the first half of next year to allow top officials to directly review progress in the negotiations. During the meeting, the two sides discussed broader FTA implementation issues, including petrochemicals, government procurement and intellectual property rights, and agreed to strengthen cooperation in these areas. Ahead of the ministerial talks, Yeo held a roundtable meeting with South Korean companies operating in China to assess business conditions and hear about difficulties faced on the ground. Issues raised by industry were also discussed during the ministerial meeting, with both sides agreeing to continue consultations through follow-up negotiations, a joint committee and working-level channels. The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy said it will maintain regular communication with Korean companies to better reflect on-the-ground concerns in policy discussions and strengthen support to stabilize business operations and improve market access. During his visit, Yeo also met senior officials from the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade and the Development Research Center of the State Council. They exchanged views on shifts in the global trade environment, the impact of supply chain restructuring and technological change, and the future direction of bilateral trade cooperation. The two sides shared the view that policy dialogue should be strengthened to address common challenges facing companies, including environmental and digital transitions, evolving global trade rules, and the need for greater predictability in trade and investment. They agreed to expand joint policy research and enhance working-level communication across industries. In addition, Yeo visited the Korea Innovation Center (KIC China) in Zhongguancun — often dubbed China’s Silicon Valley — to discuss ways to support South Korean startups seeking to enter the Chinese market. He also toured Chinese robotics firm Galbot, where he reviewed major use cases and on-site demand, and explored potential areas of cooperation such as technology collaboration, pilot projects, and information-sharing on standards and certification. The ministry said the visit confirmed potential complementarities between South Korea and China in the convergence of artificial intelligence and robotics, and that it will seek to identify concrete areas for future policy coordination and industrial cooperation. * This article, published by Aju Business Daily, was translated by AI and edited by AJP. 2025-12-30 13:28:14

Asian stocks quiet on '25 final day, Korean chip shares rally on inventory squeeze SEOUL, December 30 (AJP) - Asian equity markets spent the final trading day of 2025 on a largely subdued note, with South Korea standing out as memory-chip stocks surged to new highs amid signs of tightening supply. In Seoul, the benchmark KOSPI inched up 2.10 points to 4,222.66 as of 10:10 a.m., while the tech-heavy KOSDAQ fell 0.9 percent to 924.70. The broader index was little changed overall, but heavyweight semiconductor shares extended their rally. Samsung Electronics rose 0.9 percent to 120,600 won ($84), while SK hynix climbed 2.7 percent to 657,000 won, both hitting record highs. On Monday, Samsung Electronics had already advanced 2.1 percent to a record close of 119,500 won, lifting its market capitalization above 700 trillion won ($488 billion) for the first time. The rally has been underpinned by strong export data and tightening chip supply. From January to November, South Korea’s semiconductor exports reached $152.6 billion, up 19.8 percent from a year earlier, leading the country’s export growth in 2025. November industrial output data also showed semiconductor inventories plunging 42.6 percent from a year earlier, highlighting aggressive stockpiling amid fears of supply shortages. LG Energy Solution, the third-largest stock by market value, fell 2.8 percent to 369,500 won. HD Hyundai Heavy Industries slipped 1.7 percent to 514,000 won, Hanwha Aerospace lost 1.6 percent to 934,000 won, Hanwha Ocean declined 1.5 percent to 113,900 won, HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering retreated 1.3 percent to 405,000 won, and Korea Zinc tumbled 4 percent to 1,317,000 won. Entertainment stocks, however, moved higher across the board. HYBE gained 0.3 percent to 321,000 won, JYP Entertainment climbed 1.4 percent to 72,100 won, SM Entertainment edged up 0.3 percent to 128,400 won, and YG Entertainment jumped 3.3 percent to 66,800 won. Tuesday marks the final trading day of South Korea’s stock market in 2025. The first regular trading session of 2026 will open at 10 a.m. on Friday. There will be no pre-market trading that day, and the main, block and basket trading sessions will all begin at 10:00:30 a.m. Elsewhere in Asia, market moves were muted. In Tokyo, the Nikkei 225 slipped 0.2 percent to 50,418.06. Among major heavyweights, Toyota Motor rose 0.1 percent to 3,367 yen ($21.6), Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group edged down 0.1 percent to 2,494 yen, and SoftBank Group fell 1 percent to 4,442 yen. In China, the Shanghai Composite declined 0.3 percent to 3,952.68, while Hong Kong’s Hang Seng Index slipped 3.69 points to 25,631.54. The Shanghai market trades on Wednesday. 2025-12-30 11:50:14

South Korea's An Mu submarine completes long-range Guam mission without any failure SEOUL, December 30 (AJP) - The South Korean Navy said on Tuesday that its An Mu submarine has completed a roughly 7,000-kilometer round-trip blue-water deployment and overseas training mission without a single equipment failure. The 3,000-ton An Mu, part of the KSS-III program, returned to Jinhae Naval Port after taking part in the South Korea–U.S. combined anti-submarine exercise “2025 Silent Shark.” The Navy held a welcome ceremony on Tuesday, hosted by Rear Adm. Kim Tae-hoon, acting commander of the Navy Submarine Command. The submarine departed Jinhae in early November and arrived in Guam on Nov. 17. It trained with U.S. forces for about a month in waters near Guam, conducting submarine tracking and attack drills, free-play engagements and airborne anti-submarine warfare exercises aimed at improving combined operational capability and interoperability. An Mu’s commander, Col. Ahn Geon-young, said the deployment demonstrated the submarine’s long-range sailing capability and stable performance in high-temperature tropical waters. Ahn said the visit showcased South Korea’s submarine operating capability, including system integration that allows crews to focus on missions, improved onboard living conditions and high equipment reliability. Canada is pursuing the Canadian Patrol Submarine Project to acquire up to 12 diesel-powered submarines to replace its four Victoria-class boats, which are due to retire in the mid-2030s. A consortium of Hanwha Ocean and HD Hyundai Heavy Industries has proposed Hanwha Ocean’s 3,000-ton Jangbogo-III Batch-II diesel-powered submarine for the project and has been shortlisted alongside Germany’s thyssenkrupp Marine Systems, the Navy said. 2025-12-30 10:59:11

KAIST researchers wake up sleeping immune cells to attack cancer SEOUL, December 30 (AJP) - Scientists at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology have developed a way to turn a patient's own "sleeping" immune cells into cancer-killing machines. Instead of expensive and complicated laboratory processes, the new treatment works by injecting a special medicine directly into a tumor to reprogram cells from the inside. The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) announced on December 30 that a research team led by Professor Park Ji-ho from the Department of Bio and Brain Engineering has created an "in-situ" cell therapy. This method turns local immune cells into "CAR-macrophages," which are advanced cells genetically programmed to hunt and eat cancer. Solid tumors, such as those found in the liver, lungs, or stomach, are very hard to treat because they act like fortresses. They are physically tough to enter and use chemical signals to put nearby immune cells to sleep. Current "CAR" therapies usually require doctors to take blood out of a patient, change the cells in a lab for weeks, and then put them back in. This is very expensive, and often the new cells cannot even get inside the tough tumor fortress once they are returned to the body. The KAIST team decided to use the cells that are already inside the tumor. They created tiny lipid nanoparticles—microscopic bubbles—that contain a set of instructions called mRNA and a chemical alarm. The mRNA tells the cell how to build a "cancer-seeking radar," while the alarm wakes the cell up and makes it aggressive toward the cancer. When this mixture is injected into the tumor, the resident immune cells swallow the bubbles and read the instructions. They immediately begin building the radar and start attacking the tumor from the inside out. In tests on animals with melanoma, a dangerous skin cancer, the treatment stopped tumors from growing. Because the "radar" cells were created right where they were needed, they were much more effective than laboratory-made versions. The researchers also found that once these cells were "awake," they sent out signals to the rest of the body's immune system, helping it fight cancer everywhere, not just where the injection happened. Professor Park Ji-ho stated that this is a new way to make the body create its own medicine. He noted that it solves the biggest problems of current treatments, specifically how to get the medicine into the tumor and how to keep it working once it is there. The study, with Han Jun-hee as the lead author, was published in the journal ACS Nano. (Paper information) Journal: ACS Nano Title: In Situ Chimeric Antigen Receptor Macrophage Therapy via Co-Delivery of mRNA and Immunostimulant DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c09138 2025-12-30 10:55:20