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• Op-Ed: When the AI emperor loses his swagger Suggested AJP caption: Marlon Brando's black leather biker jacket in the 1953 film The Wild One helped establish the garment as an enduring symbol of rebellion.Getty Images For years, a black leather jacket was enough to announce the arrival of one of the most powerful men in technology. Jensen Huang would stride onto a stage wearing one, and the audience would know what to expect: a new processor, a bold prediction, perhaps another glimpse of a future in which artificial intelligence would transform nearly everything. The jacket was more than clothing. It was a declaration of independence from the conventions of corporate America, a symbol of engineering audacity and, eventually, a visual shorthand for the extraordinary rise of Nvidia. Then, in the space of a few days, the meaning of the jacket changed. The man who had helped build the infrastructure of the AI revolution resigned from the company he co-founded 33 years earlier. Reports about his private relationships, including one involving a Chinese businesswoman suspected by American officials of intelligence connections, had raised questions reaching far beyond his marriage. Nvidia entered an unexpected leadership transition. Colette Kress, its chief financial officer, became interim chief executive. Harvey C. Jones was appointed chairman of the board. The search for a permanent successor began. And the black leather jacket, once a symbol of technological triumph, became an international joke. In The New York Times, writer Anand Giridharadas published a satirical essay about Huang's supposed betrayal of the community of leather-jacket wearers. The Guardian followed with an examination of how the jacket had traveled from the rebellious cool of Marlon Brando to the uneasy symbolism of a Silicon Valley executive in crisis. The humor was irresistible. But beneath it lay a serious question. How does an article of clothing become the emblem of a multitrillion-dollar corporation? And what happens when the person wearing it can no longer carry the moral weight of the image he has created? The deeper question is older than Silicon Valley, older than capitalism and older than the technologies now reshaping civilization. Can a human being acquire the power to transform the world without acquiring the wisdom to govern himself? From rebel style to Silicon Valley mythology The black leather jacket has a long cultural history. In the 1953 film The Wild One, Marlon Brando wore one as the leader of a motorcycle gang, turning a practical garment into a symbol of rebellion. James Dean helped give the style an aura of youthful defiance. David Bowie brought leather into the vocabulary of artistic reinvention. The jacket suggested freedom from convention. It belonged to the outsider, the restless artist, the person unwilling to accept the world as it had been handed down. Huang brought that symbolism into the world of semiconductors. Steve Jobs had his black turtleneck. Mark Zuckerberg had his plain T-shirts. Huang had his leather jacket. Each outfit conveyed an idea about leadership. Jobs suggested simplicity and concentration. Zuckerberg presented himself as a programmer unconcerned with unnecessary decisions. Huang offered something different: the engineer as rock star, the technologist as a figure of rebellion. He was not merely selling chips. He was selling a vision of the future. According to The Guardian, Huang has spoken of owning dozens of leather jackets. One Tom Ford jacket he wore was sold at a charity auction for $960,000. The extraordinary price tells us something about the economics of symbolism. No one paid that amount simply for leather, stitching and design. The buyer was purchasing an association with a man whose decisions had helped shape the AI economy. In contemporary capitalism, the most valuable brands sell more than products. They sell identities, aspirations and myths. The trouble begins when the mythology of a corporation becomes inseparable from a single individual. When that individual succeeds, the company inherits his glamour. When he stumbles, the company inherits his vulnerability. Huang's jacket was an extraordinarily effective marketing instrument. It was also a warning about the danger of building an institution around the image of one man. The jacket itself did not change. The world looking at it did. Leather jacket in close-up The armor that could not protect its wearer Some of Huang's luxury jackets have been described as costing thousands of dollars. The more interesting question is what the jacket represented — and what it could not protect. Onstage, it functioned almost like armor. It conveyed confidence in an industry defined by uncertainty. It suggested a leader comfortable with risk, someone who could see beyond the immediate limitations of technology. Investors believed in that confidence. Engineers followed it. Governments took notice. Yet an outward image of fearlessness tells us little about the inward condition of the person who wears it. A leather jacket cannot make someone free. A business suit cannot make someone virtuous. And a remarkable record of achievement cannot eliminate the need for self-restraint. The ancient Greeks understood the danger of exceptional success. They called it hubris: the arrogance that arises when individuals begin to mistake extraordinary ability for exemption from ordinary limits. In Greek tragedy, the most compelling figures are often not villains. They are gifted people who have accomplished great things and gradually lose sight of the boundaries separating power from wisdom. Huang's technological achievements remain extraordinary. He helped turn graphics processing into the foundation of modern AI computing. He guided Nvidia through changes that transformed the global semiconductor industry. Those accomplishments should neither be minimized nor erased. But neither can they be used to avoid legitimate questions about personal conduct, conflicts of interest and corporate responsibility. Precision matters. Huang's acknowledgment of marital infidelity does not establish involvement in espionage. Allegations concerning Chinese intelligence, sensitive commercial relationships and possible violations of export controls require evidence and independent investigation. The resignation of a chief executive does not, by itself, prove every allegation that preceded it. A civilized society must be capable of holding two thoughts at once: that extraordinary achievements deserve recognition, and that extraordinary power demands accountability. Can the empire outlast its emperor? Nvidia's immediate challenge is not merely finding another chief executive. It is discovering whether the institution Huang created can flourish without his singular presence. For decades, he embodied an unusually integrated form of leadership. He understood graphics processors, software architecture, advanced computing systems and the economic possibilities created by connecting them. Nvidia's success did not depend on one chip alone. It depended on an ecosystem encompassing GPUs, CUDA software, networking technologies, advanced memory, data-center systems and the developers who built applications around them. Huang helped bring those elements into a coherent strategy. Such leadership is difficult to replace. But it is also dangerous to assume that no institution can function without one extraordinary person. Kress now faces the task of preserving confidence while the board considers a permanent successor. The company's next earnings announcement, scheduled for November 17, will be closely watched not only for financial results but for evidence of continuity. Will Nvidia retain its most important engineers and architects? Will its product road map remain intact? Will customers continue to trust its commitments? Can the board demonstrate that independent oversight is more than a corporate formality? The answers will matter far more than the wardrobe of the next chief executive. A corporation cannot manufacture loyalty as it manufactures semiconductors. It cannot purchase institutional wisdom as easily as it purchases equipment. And it cannot build a durable future merely by preserving the memory of a charismatic founder. A great entrepreneur may create a great company. Only a mature institution can ensure that greatness survives its creator. AI assisted Bill Gates, Donald Trump and the burdens of exceptional power Huang's predicament belongs to a larger story about the relationship between personal achievement and public responsibility. Consider Bill Gates. As a co-founder of Microsoft, Gates helped shape the personal-computing revolution. His later philanthropic work has directed enormous resources toward public health, education and poverty reduction. These are significant accomplishments. Yet his personal life and past associations have also attracted public scrutiny and controversy. The existence of controversy does not erase his contributions. Nor do those contributions make every question about his judgment irrelevant. And Donald Trump. His path from business and celebrity to the American presidency represents a different form of personal power. Supporters admire his willingness to challenge established institutions and his ability to mobilize political loyalty. Critics argue that his rhetoric and exercise of authority can strain constitutional norms and public trust. These competing assessments belong to the political life of a democracy. But the underlying principle should not depend on political affiliation. No leader's personal charisma can substitute for law, institutional accountability and the responsibilities of public office. Huang, Gates and Trump are very different men. Their achievements, controversies and positions of authority are not interchangeable. It would be misleading to treat them as examples of identical misconduct. What connects them is a more fundamental question. How should a society evaluate people whose influence becomes so great that their personal decisions can affect institutions, markets and public life? We admire their ambition because ambition can create extraordinary things. But admiration becomes dangerous when it turns into exemption. The stronger the individual, the greater the need for institutions that can say no. The more successful the leader, the greater the importance of self-knowledge. And the larger the consequences of a person's decisions, the less society can afford to confuse fame with wisdom. The dragon that rose too high Ancient East Asian philosophy offers a striking image for the dangers of unchecked ascent. In the I Ching, or Book of Changes, the hexagram associated with creative power contains the warning: Hang long you hui — 亢龍有悔. The dragon that rises too high will have cause for regret. In the traditional symbolism of East Asia, the dragon represents extraordinary power. It ascends toward the heavens, commands the imagination and embodies the dynamic forces of transformation. Yet even the dragon must recognize its limits. The lesson is not that ambition is wrong. Without ambition, human civilization would scarcely advance. The lesson is that ascent without self-awareness can become the beginning of decline. Huang's leather jacket once resembled the armor of a technological dragon soaring above the world. It was a symbol of confidence, speed and the ability to transform industries. But clothing cannot protect a person from the consequences of human weakness. The wisdom of the I Ching is not found in mocking someone who has fallen. It lies in recognizing that the higher one rises, the more necessary humility becomes. This principle applies beyond corporate leadership. The United States cannot assume that technological superiority grants it unlimited control over the future. China cannot assume that political determination alone will overcome every obstacle in advanced semiconductor manufacturing. South Korea cannot assume that personal relationships with powerful foreign executives will guarantee its industrial security. Every form of power encounters limits. The wise leader recognizes them before events impose them. Former Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang during his visit to Seoul in June 2026. AJP Yoo Na-hyun The strongest person masters himself The ancient Chinese philosopher Laozi expressed the distinction between external strength and internal mastery with remarkable economy. In Chapter 33 of the Tao Te Ching, he wrote: Zhi ren zhe zhi, zi zhi zhe ming. 知人者智，自知者明。 To understand others is wisdom; to understand oneself is enlightenment. Then comes an even more powerful statement: Sheng ren zhe you li, zi sheng zhe qiang. 勝人者有力，自勝者強。 To overcome others is to possess strength; to overcome oneself is to be truly powerful. These words might have been written for an age obsessed with artificial intelligence. Huang knew how to defeat competitors. He understood the relationship between computational architecture and industrial scale. He anticipated technological transformations that others failed to see. But the capacity to win in the marketplace is not the same as the capacity to govern one's own desires. External success can be measured in market capitalization, revenues, computing performance and technological influence. Inner mastery has no comparable financial metric. It is tested through judgment, restraint, loyalty and responsibility. The same distinction applies to Gates's wealth and philanthropy, Trump's political authority and the ambitions of governments competing for technological supremacy. Power is not inherently corrupting, nor is ambition inherently immoral. But power without self-knowledge becomes dangerous. The essential question is not merely how much influence a person possesses. It is whether that influence remains subject to conscience. An ancient Korean answer to the limits of power There is another source of wisdom that deserves a place in this discussion. It comes from Korea's spiritual and philosophical heritage. The Cheon Bu Gyeong — 天符經, often rendered in English as the Heavenly Talisman Scripture — is a brief text traditionally associated with Korean cosmological thought. Its origins, transmission and interpretation remain subjects of scholarly debate. It would be mistaken to present any single reading as an uncontested historical fact. But its symbolic language offers a compelling way to reflect on the relationship between human beings and the universe. The text opens with: Il si mu si il — 一始無始一. And it closes with: Il jong mu jong il — 一終無終一. These phrases have been interpreted as expressing a cosmic unity that transcends ordinary notions of beginning and end. Reality is not simply a collection of isolated objects. It is an interconnected order in which apparent divisions may belong to a larger whole. Near the heart of the text lies a phrase of particular importance: In jung cheon ji il — 人中天地一. One possible philosophical rendering is: Within the human being, heaven and earth become one. The phrase should not be mistaken for a claim that human beings are gods or that they stand above nature. It suggests almost the opposite. Human beings exist within a greater order. Their task is to embody, rather than violate, the relationship between heaven and earth. Heaven may be understood as the realm of moral aspiration, principle and spiritual purpose. Earth represents material reality, the conditions of survival, work and economic life. Humanity stands between them, capable of bringing the two into meaningful harmony. An idealism that ignores material reality becomes empty. A materialism that forgets moral purpose becomes destructive. A mature human being must reconcile both. Leadership between heaven and earth This is the philosophical force of In Jung Cheon Ji Il. It provides a particularly useful way of thinking about leadership. Huang achieved extraordinary success in the material world. He helped build an enterprise that moved capital, technology and computing power across the globe. But material success, however spectacular, does not establish inner completeness. Gates's career raises questions about the relationship between technological wealth, philanthropy and personal responsibility. Trump's presidency raises questions about the relationship between political power, constitutional restraint and the moral obligations of leadership. These men should not be judged by identical standards of conduct, because their circumstances differ. But each confronts a version of the same philosophical challenge. Can the individual reconcile the practical realities of power with principles greater than personal desire? Can a leader act effectively in the world without becoming captive to the privileges of success? Can ambition remain accountable to conscience? The ancient Korean phrase offers a profound answer. The true leader is not the person who possesses the greatest power, but the person who brings moral purpose and worldly responsibility into harmony within himself. Heaven without earth is abstraction. Earth without heaven is appetite. The human being must hold them together. That is not an antiquated religious formula. It is a remarkably contemporary definition of mature leadership. From a leather jacket to the semiconductor cold war The significance of Huang's departure extends beyond the question of character. It has become entangled with the strategic competition between the United States and China. Washington seeks to restrict Chinese access to the most advanced AI processors and the equipment required to manufacture them. Beijing is investing heavily in domestic alternatives, including processors developed by Huawei, manufacturing capabilities at SMIC and memory technologies pursued by Chinese producers. The controversy involving Alice Huang and Megaspeed illustrates how difficult the technological boundary between the two countries has become. A processor may remain physically inside a data center in Singapore or Malaysia while its computational capacity is accessed remotely by customers elsewhere. The machine stays within one jurisdiction. Its economic value can travel through networks across borders. For governments, this creates a new challenge. Export controls designed around the physical movement of goods must increasingly confront questions about cloud computing, ultimate users and the practical availability of advanced computational power. That challenge is real. But allegations about espionage, illegal diversion or government protection of particular individuals must still be tested against evidence. National security is too important to be reduced to rumor. And the rule of law is too important to be suspended whenever a controversy becomes politically explosive. For Korea, friendship is not a supply contract For South Korea, the consequences are especially significant. Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix play major roles in the global memory industry, including the supply of high-bandwidth memory essential to advanced AI accelerators. Their future cannot depend on the personal friendship of any one executive. The much-publicized camaraderie between Huang and leading Korean business figures — sometimes described through the Korean term kkanbu, meaning a trusted partner or close ally — may have helped symbolize industrial cooperation. Former Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang during his visit to Seoul National University in June 2026. AJP Yoo Na-hyun But friendship is not a supply contract. A photograph is not an industrial strategy. Korean companies need technological leadership, diversified customers, long-term commercial agreements and reliable compliance with international regulations. They must compete in a world where Nvidia remains powerful but where AMD, Broadcom and the major cloud companies are pursuing alternative architectures and custom processors. The future will belong not simply to those who know powerful people, but to those whose technologies remain indispensable when powerful people depart. What technology cannot teach us about being human Artificial intelligence is extending human intellectual capabilities at a pace that would have seemed unimaginable only a generation ago. Machines can process vast quantities of information, assist scientific discovery, accelerate engineering and perform tasks that once demanded extensive human labor. Robotics promises to reshape production and everyday life. Yet the central question remains unanswered. Is human character developing as rapidly as human technology? We can design processors of astonishing sophistication while remaining vulnerable to familiar impulses. We can build global information networks while damaging the trust of those closest to us. We can develop machines that analyze human behavior without necessarily understanding our own. The philosophy of In Jung Cheon Ji Il suggests that civilization requires more than technical intelligence. It requires harmony among moral purpose, material life and the natural world. Human beings are not separate from nature. Our lives remain finite. Our bodies depend on the earth. Our dignity is realized through relationships with other people. Technology should therefore be judged not only by how much wealth it creates, but by the kind of human life it makes possible. Bap, il and kkum: a human purpose for AI In Korean, three simple words express an enduring philosophy of civilization: Bap, il and kkum — 밥, 일, 꿈. Bap means a meal, but also suggests livelihood and the material foundations of existence. Il means work: the activity through which human beings create, contribute and accept responsibility. Kkum means dreams: the imagination, cultural aspiration and hope that give life meaning beyond survival. A humane civilization needs all three. Semiconductors help sustain modern economic life. Artificial intelligence is transforming the nature of work. But human beings must still decide what dreams these technologies should serve. Without material security, freedom becomes precarious. Without meaningful work, prosperity can become hollow. Without dreams, technological progress loses its human purpose. Only when livelihood, work and aspiration coexist can technology become civilization. What remains when the jacket comes off? The black leather jacket will remain part of Jensen Huang's legacy. For years, it represented innovation, independence and the confidence of a man who helped change the technological world. Now it carries a more complicated meaning. It reminds us that the mythology surrounding a powerful individual can become inseparable from the fortunes of an institution. It reminds us that success does not eliminate vulnerability. And it reminds us that the most difficult form of leadership may be the governance of one's own conduct. The jacket became a symbol of something much larger than fashion. It became the costume of an extraordinary corporate myth. And when the myth was shaken, the costume suddenly looked different. Ancient wisdom offers a more enduring perspective. The I Ching warns of the dragon that rises too high. The Tao Te Ching teaches that the strongest person is the one who masters himself. And the Korean Cheon Bu Gyeong, through the phrase In Jung Cheon Ji Il, invites us to imagine a human being in whom heaven and earth are reconciled. These teachings arise from different intellectual and spiritual traditions. But they converge on one essential truth. Power is incomplete without restraint. Knowledge is incomplete without self-knowledge. And achievement is incomplete without responsibility. That lesson applies to Huang, Gates and Trump, though their lives and responsibilities differ profoundly. It applies equally to corporations and governments. The United States must exercise technological leadership without mistaking supremacy for unlimited authority. China must pursue technological independence without confusing national ambition with the power to overcome every constraint. South Korea must protect its industrial future through capability, institutions and principled cooperation rather than dependence on individual relationships. The greatest promise of artificial intelligence is not that machines may someday surpass human beings in calculation, memory or speed. It is that humanity may use those machines to build a more dignified, creative and responsible civilization. But that future will require something technology alone cannot provide. Conscience. The capacity to recognize limits. The discipline to place responsibility above appetite. And the wisdom to reconcile human ambition with the world that sustains it. Greater than the semiconductors that move the world is the human conscience. Stronger than the power to rule the world is the discipline to govern oneself. The leather jacket may be removed. The company may find another chief executive. The semiconductor industry may discover new leaders, new technologies and new centers of power. But the fundamental human question will remain. Before we seek to master the world, can we learn to master ourselves? In Jung Cheon Ji Il. Within the human being, heaven and earth become one. Perhaps that is where the wisdom of leadership begins. And perhaps that is where the civilization of artificial intelligence must ultimately find its soul. * The author, Abe Kwak, is the Chairperson of the Asia-Pacific Media Association based in Seoul. ** The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial position of AJP.
• KOSPI Outlook Influenced by U.S. Interest Rates and AI Trends Next week, the domestic stock market is expected to be influenced by U.S. interest rate trends and investor sentiment regarding artificial intelligence (AI). As retail sales data and the minutes from the October Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting are released, the potential for further tightening by the Federal Reserve will be assessed. Additionally, NVIDIA's earnings report and Anthropic's IPO are anticipated to impact investment sentiment in AI-related stocks.According to the Korea Exchange, the KOSPI closed at 5,290.53 on the 13th, down 52.20 points (0.98%) from the previous trading day. This marks a 1.73% decline compared to the closing price of 5,383.80 on November 6. In contrast, the KOSDAQ rose by 3.13 points (0.45%) to close at 699.66, reflecting a 3.13% increase from its closing price of 678.41 on November 6.Key themes this week included 'AI uncertainty' and 'uncertainty surrounding NVIDIA's management.' As concerns over AI data center regulations eased and CoreWeave reported strong performance, the index rebounded sharply. However, the unexpected resignation of Jensen Huang, NVIDIA's former CEO, has heightened market uncertainty once again.Next week, the most significant events in the U.S. financial markets will be the retail sales report and the October FOMC minutes. The U.S. retail sales data, set to be released on the 17th (Korean time), is expected to show a slowdown in growth compared to the previous month. This could limit upward pressure on U.S. Treasury yields.The FOMC minutes, to be released on the 19th, are anticipated to provide clues about future monetary policy direction. Kim Yu-mi, a researcher at Kiwoom Securities, stated, "The minutes may confirm a hawkish view on inflation risks, and depending on the stance and tone regarding the necessity for future rate hikes, volatility in U.S. Treasury yields and the dollar could increase."With several hawkish comments from Federal Reserve officials this week, market caution is rising. Kwon Hee-jin, a researcher at KB Securities, noted, "There have been many hawkish remarks from Fed officials this week. Governor Waller mentioned the possibility of a 50 basis point hike, and President Goolsbee described the current situation as a 'precarious moment' for the Fed."Key events in the U.S. stock market include NVIDIA's third-quarter earnings report scheduled for the 17th (Korean time on the 18th) and Anthropic's IPO on the 19th (Korean time on the 20th). The market expects NVIDIA's third-quarter earnings and fiscal year 2027 revenue and profit to continue showing significant growth. The growth outlook and the recent decline in stock prices are seen as factors supporting investment attractiveness.Hwang San-hae, a researcher at LS Securities, commented, "In this NVIDIA earnings report, it is essential to focus on confirming fundamentals and hints regarding the controversial impact of indirect exports to China, as well as future management direction. The market's attention will be on whether it can deliver safe earnings, and the direction regarding future management gaps will also be crucial."Anthropic's IPO is expected to serve as an indicator of future AI investment sentiment. Bloomberg reported that demand for shares in Anthropic's IPO has reached approximately six times the number of shares being offered. The fundraising amount could reach up to $90.4 billion (approximately 121 trillion won), making it the largest IPO in history. The success of Anthropic's listing is likely to reflect market confidence in AI infrastructure demand and investment sentiment related to the supply chain.Geopolitical events are also on the horizon. The U.S. and China are planning a summit during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting on the 18th and 19th. Ha Geon-hyung, a researcher at Shinhan Investment Corp, stated, "At the APEC meeting in Shenzhen, attention will be on confirming the follow-up direction regarding tariff exemptions and export control suspensions, as well as the possibility of a trilateral meeting between the U.S., China, and Russia regarding ceasefire negotiations in Ukraine and subsequent negotiation schedules."Ultimately, next week's stock market is expected to be influenced by both U.S. interest rate trends and AI investment sentiment. If concerns about further tightening by the Fed ease and Treasury yields stabilize, volatility in the domestic stock market may decrease. Additionally, if NVIDIA meets market expectations with its earnings and Anthropic's IPO is successful, improved investment sentiment may spread throughout the domestic AI value chain.* This article has been translated by AI.
• Korean National Tax Service AI System and Three Other Projects Pass Feasibility Studies The construction of the National Tax Service's artificial intelligence (AI) system, the Baengnyeongdo small airport, and the Homigot National Marine Ecological Park have all passed preliminary feasibility studies. Additionally, the project to expand the railway comprehensive test track in Osong, North Chungcheong Province, has been selected for a feasibility study.The Ministry of Economy and Finance announced on November 13 that it held the 9th Financial Investment Evaluation Committee, chaired by Vice Minister Cho Yong-beom, to review and approve the selection of these projects for feasibility studies.The National Tax Service AI system project aims to integrate AI technology across all aspects of tax administration. The project will proceed after some adjustments to the initial plans, focusing on providing tailored tax services, such as AI-assisted electronic filing through the Home Tax system.It will also introduce AI-based verification features to enhance the capacity to address tax evasion and delinquencies. The government expects this initiative to improve taxpayer convenience and increase the efficiency of tax administration.The Baengnyeongdo small airport project has also secured feasibility. This initiative aims to construct a small airport in Baengnyeongdo, located in the northernmost border area of the West Sea, to provide an alternative transportation option to complement existing maritime transport.Currently, it takes about four hours to reach Baengnyeongdo by sea. The government anticipates that the airport will enhance mobility for residents and military personnel and improve medical access for emergency patient transport. It also expects to boost the local economy through increased tourism.The Homigot National Marine Ecological Park project aims to establish a hub for marine ecosystem management, education, and experiences in the Homigot area of Pohang, North Gyeongsang Province. This area was designated as a marine protected area in 2021.Once implemented, the project will create facilities such as the Homigot Preservation Center to observe, research, and protect marine ecosystems, including seaweed, sea turtles, and salmon. The government believes this will strengthen the foundation for marine ecosystem conservation while contributing to increased tourism demand.With the feasibility of these three projects confirmed, the respective ministries will begin the necessary follow-up procedures to advance them.Meanwhile, the railway comprehensive test track expansion project has been selected as a new feasibility study target. This project, promoted by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, involves adding a 3.29 km section to the existing railway comprehensive test track near Osong Station to create a circular line.Once completed, the circular line is expected to expand the testing capacity for new railway vehicles and provide the necessary infrastructure for railway technology development and test runs for vehicles ordered from overseas.In total, four projects applied for the feasibility study selection, but three withdrew their applications, leaving only the railway comprehensive test track expansion project selected. The designated investigation agency will commence the feasibility study.Vice Minister Cho stated, "The projects that have secured feasibility will bring substantial changes to the lives of citizens and the local economy, ranging from innovations in administrative services using AI and other advanced technologies to the conservation of marine ecosystems and the enhancement of transportation infrastructure in island regions. I urge each ministry to promptly advance the follow-up procedures to deliver tangible results that citizens can feel."* This article has been translated by AI.