Seoul maintained its ranking in the foundation's annual Global Power City Index (GPCI) from the previous year, but its overall score rose sharply, narrowing the gap with fifth-ranked Singapore.
The index, based on six functions such as "economy, research and development, cultural interaction, livability, environment, and accessibility," evaluates major cities around the world "according to their 'magnetism,' or their comprehensive power to attract people, capital, and enterprises from around the world."
With the highest possible total score of 2,700 points, London scored 1,642.2 points to rank at the top, followed by Tokyo (1,535.1 points), New York (1,476.6 points), Paris (1,446.6 points), and Singapore (1,293.1 points).
However, Seoul earned 1,288.1 points, making the biggest leap from the previous year among the top 10 cities.
Amsterdam, Shanghai, Dubai, and Berlin rounded out the seventh through tenth spots.
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