AJP addresses trust gap in bias-driven news landscape SEOUL, December 02 (AJP) - The media's role of ensuring fairness and trust has become increasingly vital as audiences and readers grow either selective or evasive in consumption of news, and as societies shift from institution-based to network-driven structures, media veterans and scholars said in a forum hosted by Asian news agency AJP on Tuesday. The forum, held to commemorate AJP's first anniversary, featured Sohn Jie-ae, visiting professor at Ewha Womans University, Park Han-woo, professor at Yeungnam University, and Lee Byung-jong, professor at Sookmyung Women's University. AJP Chief Editor Seo Hye-seung moderated the discussion. Lee opened the discussion by reflecting on long-standing asymmetries in global news coverage. He recalled UNESCO's past critism of the western-dominated news supply, and unsuccessful attempts by Asia-Pacific media to build alternative platforms. "The situation is different now. Asian media outlets like AJP are preparing to step up," Lee said. "South Korea has developed its capabilities through democracy and media development." Lee highlighted South Korea's pioneering role in online democracy, recalling how former President Roh Moo-hyun earned the nickname "Internet President" when SMS messaging positively influenced elections. However, he pointed out that two decades later, social media has shifted toward negative polarization through fan-based politics and fortified ideological camps. "Research shows false information spreads about six times faster than truthful information," Lee added, expressing concern over changing media dynamics. Park addressed questions about the impact of cryptocurrency-based prediction markets on democracy. He explained that platforms like Polymarket have significantly lowered entry barriers to political betting, contrasting this with the Lee Myung-bak era when financial interests existed but lacked digital connectivity. "People may now bet against their own ideological beliefs for financial gain," Park said. "This could create serious chaos for democracy." The panel tackled questions about journalistic objectivity in depth. Sohn argued that complete objectivity in reporting is difficult to achieve. "The very act of deciding what story to write involves subjective judgment," Sohn said. "What matters is that journalists understand both sides of an issue before their readers do, and constantly consider how to present information fairly and in a balanced manner." Sohn added that she teaches students to find the "selling point" in their stories, emphasizing that since editors and journalists ultimately make editorial decisions, their knowledge, integrity, and ethical awareness are crucial. Park highlighted the unique challenges facing English-language news outlets in Korea. Using the recent Coupang data breach as an example, he noted the tension between reporting from a national interest perspective versus global standards. "If you report from a national interest standpoint, you might approach it sympathetically. But global standards would require pointing out the digital platform's negligence in data management," Park said. He also noted the Coupang incident involves allegations of Chinese involvement, raising questions about whether to frame coverage nationalistically or through universal principles. "Korean news consumers are likely issue-based or fan-based audiences, so deeper reporting is essential," he advised. On building reader trust, Lee warned that maintaining neutrality and earning reader trust has become extremely difficult today. "Over-focusing on loyal audiences means sacrificing some objectivity," he said. Lee explained that media outlets must balance independent, fair reporting with financial sustainability, noting some have turned to government subsidies or donations instead of advertising or subscriptions. Park emphasized face-to-face engagement. "Most general readers tend to be older, so they need to meet journalists and editors directly," he said. "Offline events and forums help build rapport with readers. The New York Times uses this strategy as well." He suggested that directly briefing senior readers would increase their subscription commitment, noting older audiences differ from younger demographics. Sohn concluded that face-to-face communication and financial stability are both important. "In opinion sections, readers seek journalists they trust," she said. "Developing differentiated storytelling approaches is key to building that trust." 2025-12-02 14:58:49

South Korea's Hanwha Ocean wins $255 million order for two large oil carriers SEOUL, December 02 (AJP) - Hanwha Ocean said Tuesday it has secured an order for two very-large crude carriers (VLCCs), valued at 375.3 billion won ($255 million). The VLCCs will be built at the company’s Geoje shipyard. Company officials say improved conditions in the international oil market are fueling new orders. Rising production and exports by OPEC members have lifted VLCC freight rates, while the aging of the global tanker fleet is accelerating replacement demand. With the latest deal, Hanwha Ocean has secured orders for 43 vessels so far this year. Those include 19 VLCCs, 17 container ships, six LNG carriers and one icebreaking research vessel, with a combined value of about $7.96 billion. * This article, published by Aju Business Daily, was translated by AI and edited by AJP. 2025-12-02 14:35:25

Coupang censured by Korean president as founder-chair stays silent SEOUL, December 02 (AJP) - Coupang’s management came under heavy fire from lawmakers and direct censure from the Korean president on Tuesday, after the country’s largest-ever data breach — affecting virtually all of its 33.7 million customers — went undetected for nearly five months. Shares in Coupang, listed on the Nasdaq, slid more than 5 percent on the first trading day after the disclosure, paring part of the 28 percent gain built earlier this year. JPMorgan warned that fines, voluntary compensation programs and litigation could weigh on near-term sentiment, although customer churn may prove limited given Coupang’s dominant market position. The company has confirmed that unauthorized access began on June 24 via overseas servers. While initial reports suggested that only 4,500 accounts were compromised, the tally soared to 33.7 million after an internal review. At a parliamentary inquiry, CISO Brett Mathis said the intruder had used a stolen private signing key to forge authentication tokens and impersonate legitimate users. He stressed that access was restricted to specific APIs and that there was no evidence of password changes, payment-system infiltration or deeper server compromise. Investigators believe the suspect to be a former employee of Chinese nationality — a detail that has intensified scrutiny of Coupang’s internal privilege controls, monitoring systems and employee off-boarding procedures. President Lee Jae Myung condemned the breach at a cabinet meeting, urging authorities to use “all possible tools” to prevent secondary damage and to establish accountability quickly. “It is shocking that such a massive leak remained undetected for five months,” he said, calling for stronger punitive-damage rules and a broad “paradigm shift” in digital-security standards across both public and private sectors. Public anger has mounted sharply. Online class-action communities have surged, with one forum attracting more than 70,000 members within a day of the disclosure. The scale of the breach — equivalent to roughly 65 percent of the Korean population — has sharpened the backlash. The incident has also reignited long-standing criticism of Coupang’s governance structure. Founder and chairman Bom Kim, who retains more than 70 percent of voting power through dual-class shares, has remained silent amid the controversy. Kim has long cited overseas residence to avoid parliamentary summons, fueling criticism that the company reaps near-total domestic revenues while sheltering behind U.S. legal structures — even as it faces recurring disputes over warehouse-worker deaths, platform-fee practices and regulatory probes. Recent revelations that Kim converted dual-class shares and cashed out about ₩5 trillion last year have intensified debate over responsibility versus reward. In Korea, Coupang could face fines of up to 3 percent of revenue — potentially around $1 billion — under the revised Personal Information Protection Act if government investigations conclude that lax oversight enabled the breach. In the United States, the company may also face scrutiny over whether it failed to comply with the SEC’s new rule requiring disclosure of “material cybersecurity incidents” within four business days. As of Monday, no such filing had been made, raising the prospect of further regulatory exposure. * This article, published by Aju Business Daily, was translated by AI and edited by AJP. 2025-12-02 14:34:32

North Korea stresses strong ties in commemorative letter to Laos on 50th anniversary SEOUL, December 2 (AJP) - North Korean leader Kim Jong-un sent a congratulatory letter to Laos on the 50th anniversary of its national founding, emphasizing the longstanding ties between the two countries. According to the state-run Korean Central News Agency, Kim expressed confidence in the continued development of friendly cooperation between the two countries in his letter to Lao President Thongloun Sisoulith. A floral tribute was also delivered through the North Korean ambassador to Laos. In October, Sisoulith visited North Korea for the 80th anniversary of the Workers' Party, where he held talks with Kim. The leaders discussed strengthening bilateral cooperation and expressed optimism about the future of their traditional friendship. North Korean Foreign Minister Choe Son-hui also held follow-up talks with her Lao counterpart Thongsavanh Phomvihane to discuss areas of mutual support. While maintaining ties with its traditional allies like China and Russia, North Korea has been expanding its diplomatic relations with other socialist countries such as Laos and Viet Nam. Analysts believe the move aims to reduce diplomatic isolation and challenge international sanctions over its nuclear weapons programs in pursuit of recognition as a nuclear-armed state. * This article, published by Aju Business Daily, was translated by AI and edited by AJP. 2025-12-02 14:33:26

Korean auto parts firms follow global automakers to pull back from China SEOUL, December 02 (AJP) - South Korean auto parts suppliers are taking steps to restructure their supply chains as global automakers scale back operations in China. The rapid shift toward electric vehicles (EVs) in the Chinese market and rising export costs triggered by tariffs are pushing companies to seek new manufacturing bases. According to industry officials, wheel-bearing producer A Corp. earlier this year relocated part of its Jiangsu, China, plant to Gyeongju in southeastern South Korea. Wheel bearings — critical components for EVs and increasingly for humanoid robots — are viewed as essential to next-generation mobility technologies. A Corp., which entered China in 2003, has supplied major global brands including Hyundai, Kia, GM, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and BYD. But orders plunged after the 2017 THAAD dispute and the rapid electrification of China’s auto market, prompting the company to sell half of its factories. “Orders from Hyundai, Kia and other global automakers have dropped sharply, and we’re now operating only two production lines,” an A Corp. official said. “Local Chinese suppliers have also become far more competitive.” Facing similar pressures, Korean components makers weighing downsizing or exiting China are increasingly targeting emerging markets such as Vietnam, Indonesia, India and Mexico. Key Hyundai suppliers — including Seoyon E-Hwa, Sungwoo Hitech and Daewon Industrial — are already shifting operations abroad. “As Hyundai struggles to keep pace with China’s electrification, its suppliers have lost competitiveness,” a parts industry insider said. “The move toward EVs, autonomous driving and smart vehicles is eroding the advantage Korean firms built around internal combustion engine technologies.” The withdrawal of global automakers from China is adding to the urgency. General Motors has instructed suppliers to reduce dependence on Chinese parts and materials, with some told to eliminate them entirely by 2027. Tesla is also aiming to remove Chinese components from U.S. production by the same year, urging suppliers to relocate to Vietnam or Mexico. Lim Yoon-ho, a researcher at the Korea International Trade Association, said the transition may open opportunities for Korean firms. “Despite China’s booming EV market, Korean suppliers have had limited participation,” he said. “Relocating production bases amid intensifying trade disputes could create new openings. Suppliers should explore new supply chains, move into future vehicle components and consider joint ventures or contract manufacturing.” * This article, published by Aju Business Daily, was translated by AI and edited by AJP. 2025-12-02 14:14:46

CJ CheilJedang strikes retail partnership with Thailand's largest store operator SEOUL, December 02 (AJP) - CJ CheilJedang has signed a supply agreement with Thailand’s largest retailer, CP Extra. CP Extra operates more than 2,700 outlets under its Makro wholesale chain and Lotus supermarkets, providing CJ CheilJedang with broad access to Thailand’s mainstream retail channels. The partnership will target increased sales of Bibigo fried noodles, kimchi, dumplings, K-street foods and Korean-style sauces. Makro will handle bulk and B2B-oriented products, with the two companies planning joint marketing campaigns and promotional initiatives. CP Extra said it intends to leverage the growing brand recognition of Bibigo to reinforce its K-food category across both Makro and Lotus stores. The companies are also exploring opportunities to extend the collaboration to Malaysia, the Philippines and other Southeast Asian markets where CP Group has operations. “Southeast Asia, with its 690 million population and strong economic potential, is a key market for K-food expansion,” a CJ CheilJedang official said. “Thailand, with its high affinity for K-culture, serves as a strategic gateway to the region.” CJ CheilJedang’s overseas food revenue rose 77 percent from 3.15 trillion won in 2019 to 5.58 trillion won last year. In the first three quarters of this year, overseas sales reached 4.31 trillion won, representing more than half of total food revenue. * This article, published by Economic Daily, was translated by AI and edited by AJP. 2025-12-02 13:50:11

Asian markets open mixed SEOUL, December 2 (AJP) - Asian markets opened mixed on Tuesday, with South Korea's benchmark KOSPI up 1 percent at 3,960.75 and the junior KOSDAQ down 0.8 percent at 915.37. Shares of Samsung Electronics rose 0.8 percent to 101,600 won (US$69), and SK hynix gained 2.7 percent to 552,500 won. Among the top 10 companies in terms of market capitalization, all were trading higher except for LG Energy Solution, which edged down 0.2 percent to 412,000 won. Automakers led the gains. Hyundai Motor jumped 4.4 percent to 267,500 won, and Kia added 2.7 percent to 115,300 won. Major U.S. stock indexes closed lower as comments from the Bank of Japan signaling a possible rate hike sparked concerns, weighing on equities. The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 0.9 percent to 47,289.33, the S&P 500 slipped 0.5 percent to 6,812.63, and the Nasdaq Composite declined 0.4 percent to 23,275.92. Japan's Nikkei 225 climbed 0.4 percent to 49,513.34. In China, the Shanghai Composite Index slipped 0.3 percent to 3,902.83 while Hong Kong's Hang Seng gained 0.7 percent to 26,220.88. 2025-12-02 12:06:25

PHOTOS: Following the tracks, following the taste (Gwangju) – 1 – SEOUL, December 2 (AJP) - For centuries, this region has been known for its food. With fertile fields and access to clean coastal waters, it offered ingredients from both land and sea, and its generous use of fermented seasonings created dishes with depth and warmth. This is Jeolla Province, the southern end of the Korean Peninsula. Yongsan Station in the morning still carried the last of the night’s energy. Passing through commuters and stepping onto the KTX platform, the city felt as fast as ever, but the moment the train pulled away and the first fields replaced the gray skyline, the pace shifted. It felt as if the train was lowering itself into a slower time — not rushing forward, but easing into a different rhythm. The plan for the day was simple: get off at a station and, within walking distance, eat what locals have eaten for decades. No complicated routes, no long transfers — just a slow walk into someone else’s everyday life. Stepping out of Gwangju Songjeong Station, the first impression was quietness. Even right outside the station, the street was calm, and the alley leading to 1913 Songjeong Market was emptier than expected. It felt like a place where time had slowed as the years changed and the city around it shrank and shifted. Coming straight from the noise of Seoul, the contrast felt almost unreal — as if one train ride had moved time, not distance. – Bibim-guksu, vegetable pajeon, and the old taste of “sugar noodles” – Inside the market, old signs and small shops lined the narrow path, and soft music drifted out from somewhere deeper inside. The first meal was bibim-guksu. Handmade noodles had a firm, springy texture, and the tangy dressing pulled the flavors together cleanly. Freshly made vegetable pajeon was soft in the middle, and with the noodles it felt balanced rather than heavy. The walls filled with TV still-cuts and visitors’ notes made the simple dishes feel like part of the market’s long memory. Then came sugar noodles — something rarely seen now but once a common snack for market vendors and field hands in the 1960s and 1970s. Cold broth, plain noodles, and a sprinkle of sugar. Just sweetness and chill — nothing more. In years when even sugar was scarce, saccharin was used instead. The simplicity carried a kind of quiet nostalgia that felt tied to the place more than to the bowl. – A full Jeolla-style table with tteokgalbi – A short walk from the market led to an alley filled with the smell of charcoal. Here, tteokgalbi is served with a tableful of side dishes that feel closer to a home meal than a restaurant setting. A large bowl of pork backbone soup arrived first, alongside greens, aged kimchi, and pickled vegetables. It was a kind of generosity hard to replicate in the city. The tteokgalbi itself was thick, with a smoky bite that filled the mouth. Despite being minced, it still had the feel of chewing into whole meat, and the sauce struck a familiar sweet-savory balance. Wrapped in lettuce it felt clean, and over rice it turned into a different kind of richness. A small yukhoe bibimbap on the side was also satisfying — sweet pear, seasoned meat, and gochujang blending easily. The light broth in between made the meal steady and unhurried. – A Jeolla trip completed in one bite of sangchu twigim – For the final taste, the camera and the steps returned to the market: sangchu-twigim. A local favorite, and a bit unusual to outsiders. Various vegetables — sweet potato, squid, perilla shoots, seasonal roots — are fried and wrapped in fresh lettuce with soy or a peppered dipping sauce. One bite holds multiple textures at once, and the lettuce keeps the flavors bright. Sitting at the small table and taking a bite, the day already felt full — even though only a few hours had passed since stepping off the train. Walking back toward the station, the quietness returned. The market breathed slowly, in its own time. There was no rush, no noise, and in that space, the meaning of old food and local pace felt clearer than before. The day showed that a trip does not need distance to feel deep. A station, a market, and the flavors held inside their history — that was enough for a slow walk across an older time. 2025-12-02 07:16:35

Made-in-Korea brands epitomise the rise of Asia's integrated value chain SEOUL, December 02 (AJP) - A Samsung Galaxy phone can no longer be described as “made in Korea” in any literal sense. Battery materials mined in Indonesia, memory chips manufactured in Korea, components sourced from Japan and final assembly in Vietnam or India all feed into a device that takes weeks to complete and crosses multiple borders before reaching a consumer. The smartphone illustrates how Samsung Electronics has secured its position at the premium end of the global market. Rather than relying on domestic production, the company has stitched together a regional value chain that balances cost pressures with technological quality — and reflects the increasingly interdependent nature of Asian manufacturing. Korean companies, once squeezed by the swift ascent of China’s state-backed industries, have instead leaned into the strengths of neighboring economies. The result is not a retreat of Korean competitiveness but its reinvention through a wider Asian production system. One smartphone, many countries: the reality of “Made by Asia” In an era of geopolitical contest, the notion of a single “country of origin” has become increasingly anachronistic. It also explains why trade restrictions aimed at one country generate outsized uncertainty for global producers. A high-end Korean smartphone today is a composite of the region’s industrial capacities. The application processor is developed through advanced foundries in Korea and Taiwan; memory is produced in Korean cleanrooms; Indonesia supplies key battery minerals; displays are engineered using Korean technology but assembled overseas; and the final product is put together largely in Vietnam and India. Samsung now manufactures roughly 80 per cent of its smartphones outside Korea, with Vietnam as its largest base and India expanding rapidly as a second hub. According to Kyung-hyun Koo, a researcher at the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP), this overseas production structure has long been central to Korea’s industrial success. “This is not a recent phenomenon but has been the core success formula of Korea’s key industries since the 2000s,” Koo said. “Korean firms have expanded production networks to overseas locations where low-cost manufacturing is possible, while focusing domestically on higher value-added processes. Given Korea’s limited resources and production capacity, building production partnerships abroad and making efficient use of global networks has been an inevitable and important strategy — and one that remains essential going forward.” He added that heavy concentration in a single production base inevitably carries risks. “It is difficult to quantify precisely, but if production in Vietnam were to be completely disrupted, the impact would be very significant,” Koo said. “From that perspective, excessive reliance on one country carries inherent risks, which is why continuously expanding and diversifying production networks is so important.” No longer “Made in Korea”: TVs follow a similar trajectory Korea’s television industry underscores the same shift. Samsung and LG continue to dominate the upper tier of the global market, yet few of their high-end sets are produced onshore. Core display panel production has moved offshore, while assembly lines are concentrated in Vietnam, Mexico and elsewhere in Southeast Asia. Koo said this should be understood as a structural reorganization rather than industrial decline. “Without such a shift, it would be difficult to maintain price competitiveness,” he said. “The real challenge lies in how Korea continues to secure higher value-added processes domestically. The idea that everything must be produced in Korea belongs to the past, and building and effectively utilizing overseas production networks will remain a long-term task for Korean industries.” Korea and Japan: from industrial rivals to research partners Perhaps the sharpest illustration of Asia’s evolving industrial architecture lies in the changing relationship between Korea and Japan. The two were once fierce competitors in semiconductors and displays. Today, their supply chains are increasingly intertwined. Japanese strengths in foundational materials and specialized components now complement Korea’s expertise in mass production, system integration and chip design. Recent government-backed initiatives have accelerated joint work in next-generation semiconductors, AI-related technologies and advanced materials — areas both countries view as critical for maintaining technological relevance. ASEAN and India: from low-cost bases to strategic pillars Southeast Asia has moved well beyond its reputation as a low-cost manufacturing zone. Vietnam alone accounts for an estimated 14 per cent of Korea’s total exports, thanks largely to Samsung’s vast operations. Indonesia, meanwhile, has become a crucial supplier of nickel and other battery minerals vital to Korea’s EV and energy-storage ambitions. India is emerging as both an alternative production base to China and a major consumer market. Korean companies that once looked primarily to Nasdaq are now weighing Indian IPOs, while expanding their local footprints to tap long-term demographic and digital growth. Koo noted that ASEAN countries are also seeking to move beyond low value-added production. “ASEAN economies are themselves recognizing the limits of remaining in low value-added manufacturing and are aiming to upgrade,” he said. “There are areas where the needs of both sides align, even as challenges related to workforce skills and industrial infrastructure remain.” On India, he added, “many major Korean companies now view India as one of their most promising export markets going forward,” Koo said. “Given its large population and stage of industrial development, it is a market Korea cannot afford to overlook, even though challenges remain.” Asia as a coherent production bloc, not fragmented economies With the US and China erecting new barriers across trade and technology, Korea’s competitiveness increasingly depends on the strength of its regional partnerships. What is emerging is not a set of isolated players but an integrated Asian production bloc — one in which supply chains, investment flows and technological capabilities reinforce one another. “Made in Korea” has become less a territorial label than a shorthand for an industrial ecosystem rooted in Asia’s collective strength. “As Asia’s overall economic value increases, the roles played by different parts of the region are also expected to grow,” Koo said. “What matters most going forward is a strategic approach in which each country identifies areas of comparative advantage, focuses its investments accordingly and builds long-term partnerships rather than seeking quick gains.” 2025-12-01 20:16:06

K-pop may have to lose the "K" as it sits as a genre, not a category SEOUL, December 02 (AJP) - K-pop has broken a historic barrier at the Grammy Awards — one of the highest measures of global music recognition — entering a "Big Four" category for the first time. Since the Grammys began in 1959, no Korean artist had ever been nominated in any of the major categories. That changed when the Recording Academy announced its 68th Grammy nominees in early November, naming BLACKPINK's Rosé, the OST "Golden" from Netflix's animated film "KPop Demon Hunters," and global girl group KATSEYE — jointly launched by HYBE and Geffen Records — in major categories, which are Song of the Year, Record of the Year, Album of the Year, and Best New Artist. For years, the Grammys have been seen as conservative, prioritizing musical craftsmanship over commercial popularity. BTS attended as presenters in 2019 and earned multiple nominations over three consecutive years, but never broke into the Big Four. Now, attention turns to next February's awards, where the industry is watching to see whether K-pop converts nominations into its first major-category win. K-wave thrives in the social media age According to the 2024 National Image Survey by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Korea's global favorability has risen steadily for six years — from 71.1 percent in 2018 to 79 percent in 2024. Among sectors such as sports, education, human rights, healthcare, and science, culture and entertainment emerged as the most influential contributor, rising from 35.3 percent in 2018 to 43.9 percent in 2024. The pandemic further accelerated the trend. With digital media consumption soaring, 89.3 percent of respondents said they first encountered Korea through YouTube, and 60.8 percent through Netflix — confirming streaming as the primary gateway to Korean pop culture. K-idol training sets a global standard for star-making KATSEYE was formed through the global audition program "The Debut: Dream Academy," which selected six multinational members from more than 120,000 applicants via evaluations and fan voting. The group trained under what is now widely recognized as the K-pop system — a long-term, intensive regimen that includes daily vocal and dance training, performance rehearsals, and moral education. "We have long wanted to develop diverse global talent based on the methodology of K-pop and build global groups in the K-pop style," HYBE Chairman Bang Si-hyuk said. The audition program was not only a debut project; it was a test of whether Korea’s star-making system could be exported intact. In the United States, talent is discovered, not groomed. The idea of multi-year training and development (T&D) — shaping multidimensional artists before debut — is still unfamiliar. Korean agencies build performers step by step — crafting group concepts, curating artistic direction, and supporting long-term branding. A crucial part of the system is extensive vocal coaching across multiple genres, equipping trainees to deliver synchronized choreography. The trainee system, which can last from six months to ten years, is built to cultivate potential rather than select only fully formed performers. To ensure a stable debut, agencies provide mental and emotional support programs, including language education for foreign trainees, life coaching, and professional counseling. Even in global audition formats, companies maintain private trainee pools that undergo monthly evaluations — a high-pressure system that explains the scale of the recent fallout between NewJeans and HYBE. At the end of the day, music drives the momentum The breakout success of Netflix's animated film "KPop Demon Hunters" encapsulates how K-pop expands globally. The film follows fictional girl group Huntrix, who use their songs to protect their fans from supernatural threats. Its OST tracks — including "Your Idol" by the group's rival Saja Boys and "Golden" by Huntrix — climbed Billboard's global charts soon after the film's June release. Cover videos and challenge trends spread rapidly across social platforms, creating a loop in which music fuels content, and content boosts music streams. A recent study by Korea University's College of Media and Communication — based on keyword analytics from the Korea Broadcast Advertising Corporation — found that the two most frequently mentioned terms in online discussions were "song" and "Korea." Many viewers described replaying scenes while looping the soundtrack, responding strongly to the film's musical peaks. The inclusion of Korean lyrics in the OST was particularly striking, with global listeners singing along phonetically. Professor Baek Hyun-mi, the author of the study, noted that the recent wave of success brings not only pride but also unresolved questions. "This success leaves us with more than just a sense of pride," Baek said. "Within global platforms, the question of who truly owns this culture remains unanswered. The creative origins lie in Korea, but it is still unclear who ultimately controls the outcomes and reaps the benefits." Industry power shift: Toward a new 'Big 4' "K-pop is entering the early stage of mainstream globalization," said pop culture critic Ha Jae-keun. K-pop's industrial scale is now reshaping the global music hierarchy. HYBE's market value has climbed to fourth worldwide, edging closer to Warner Music Group and challenging the decades-old dominance of the "Big Three" — Universal Music Group, Sony Music, and Warner Music Group. Music Business Worldwide founder Tim Ingham recently predicted that Warner's revenue may gradually converge with HYBE's, signaling a structural shift in global music capitalism. Between 2020 and 2024, HYBE recorded a 29 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) — far outpacing Sony (18.3 percent), Universal (12.5 percent), and Warner (9.5 percent). "Along with BTS's full-group comeback next year, we see this moment as pivotal for strengthening both our market reach and long-term growth potential," a senior HYBE official said. Critic Kim Hern-sik notes that K-pop must now secure its position as a genre, not just a cultural category. "It should establish itself the way Britpop once did. Today, young people around the world see K-pop as a space where they can feel agency, dream, and achieve something. For many, it is the only arena where that possibility feels real — and that is why its power is so strong." 2025-12-01 20:15:32